For many people, physical education is an integral part of healthy lifestyle a life that allows you to maintain health and tone. Myopia and sports right approach quite compatible with each other. If a person has impaired vision and a ban is imposed on certain types of physical activity, it is better to contact an ophthalmologist for advice and agree on which opposite loads are acceptable and which ones should be abandoned forever.
Is it allowed to play sports?
Previously, physical education with myopia, even a weak degree, was categorically contraindicated. However, the modern approach to the treatment and prevention of myopia involves the inclusion of moderate physical exercise, which will help prevent the progression of the disease and speed up the restoration of vision. Cyclic exercise such as swimming, running, cycling are the most beneficial and effective.
Training contributes to the strengthening of all muscle structures of the human body, improves blood circulation, and helps to increase the elasticity of blood vessels.
If a patient with a diagnosis of "myopia" ceases to engage in physical culture, this will contribute to the progression of myopia. School-age children are especially prone to hypodynamia, who, instead of physical training, prefer spending time at a computer or TV, which only exacerbates the course of the disease. However, not all sports are allowed with myopia. There are certain restrictions that are strictly forbidden to be violated.
Permitted sports
Nordic walking will have a positive effect on the patient's condition.
At the initial and moderate degree of myopia, physical education is not contraindicated. However, in order not to cause complications, it is better to agree with the doctor what types of loads you can do. The following physical activities have a strengthening, healing and regenerating effect:
- walks in the open air;
- a ride on the bicycle;
- Nordic walking;
- moderate skiing.
Water procedures have a beneficial effect on the body, therefore, with myopia, even high degree swimming pool, water aerobics, sports swimming are recommended. If a person wants the training to be as effective as possible, it is better to visit the gym and work out immediately with a personal trainer who should be aware of the diagnosis.
Contraindications
Patients with a diagnosis of "myopia" should understand what sports should not be practiced. Even if the initial degree of myopia is diagnosed, weight lifting, jumping and dismounting, somersaulting and headstands, and jumping from a bridge are contraindicated. It is forbidden to work with iron - to lift a barbell, weights, dumbbells, discs. The list of contraindications also includes:
The main contraindications to sports for people with myopia.
Many people think that myopia does not interfere with sports, but they are deeply mistaken. As with other complex diseases, with myopia, special attention should be paid to the approach to choosing a sport and permissible loads.
For nearsighted people, it is imperative to correctly identify contraindications. Doctors should monitor the condition of the organ of vision. Sports can have a good effect on the condition of the eyes in myopia and help to stabilize it, but they can also have a bad effect on the eyes and blind. It depends on the degree of myopia, as well as on the structure of the chosen sport and sports loads.
Features of playing sports with myopia and hyperopia
Myopia (myopia, from the Greek "myo" - squint and "opsis" - look) - a change in the round shape of the eye to an oval one, due to which the refraction of light is disturbed inside it, and the light rays passing through the eyeball are focused in front of the retina, and not on her. Therefore, objects that are far away, myopic people see blurry. In this case, the retinal cells located in the zone of maximum light sensitivity are rarefied and stretched. This is the main reason why doctors ban jumping, punching, straining and the possibility of a head injury due to high risk tear or detachment of the retina.
With farsightedness, for example, the eye is not elongated, but flattened, and the retina does not stretch as critically as with myopia. Therefore, farsighted people in sports are almost always given the green light, at least by ophthalmologists.
However, the diagnosis of "myopia" in itself is not a final verdict that puts an end to sports. First, it is congenital and acquired. The second, of course, is more dangerous.
Secondly, the degree of myopia matters. Officially distinguished:
- weak myopia - up to 3 diopters
- average myopia - from 3 to 6 diopters
- severe myopia - above 6 diopters
Up to 3 diopters, as a rule, there are no restrictions on physical activity. From 5 diopters - doctors carefully give permission for sports, even in the absence of degenerative changes in the fundus. In this case, novice athletes will have to forget about weightlifting, boxing, all types of wrestling, acrobatics and gymnastics. Over 6 diopters - maximum restrictions, regardless of sports categories and achievements.
Thirdly, this gradation is very conditional, since it is possible to have progressive myopia with vision of -1 (when it increases by one or more diopters in a year). Then the doctor will think well about what conclusion to give you. And you can walk with -3 all your life, do boxing, wrestling and iron pulling, while your eyes will feel great. Well, maybe not quite perfect, but no less than -3.
And, fourthly, summarizing the previous two points, restrictions on sports are not imposed in accordance with the degree of myopia, but based on changes inside the eye. For example, it is much worse and more dangerous when, with mild myopia, hemorrhages are visible in the fundus and the retina is weakened than a stable state with average myopia.
With non-progressive myopia, you must definitely engage in some kind of sport. If it is not possible to go in for sports with glasses and contact lenses, then glasses can be removed during exercise. If you cannot use glasses, and visual acuity is necessary, then in such cases you need to use contact lenses that are worn directly on the eyeball.
When developing myopia, you can not engage in sports with great physical stress (boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, etc.).
If a person has myopia greater than 4 diopters, then doctors should not let him go to sports. Myopia can also progress during exercise, in which case the athlete should stop playing sports or reduce the load.
Sports activities can positively influence the stabilization of vision. Sports games, swimming, skiing, mountain sports give them big pluses.
With limited physical activity in nearsighted people, there is a deterioration in the blood supply to various organs, including the eyes, and a deterioration in the ability to accommodate. At the same time, as the researchers note, not all physical exercises will be useful for people with myopia. The most useful are cyclic exercises of medium intensity (running, swimming), in which the heart rate remains at the level of 100-140 beats per minute. By causing blood flow to the eyes, these exercises improve the functioning of the ciliary muscle of the eye and normalize the circulation of intraocular fluid. Cyclic high-intensity exercises, as well as acrobatics, jumping, exercises on gymnastic apparatus, causing an increase in heart rate up to 180 beats per minute, lead to significant long-term eye ischemia, therefore, they are contraindicated in myopic people.
A decrease in general physical activity and physical inactivity, combined with significant visual stress, often found in schoolchildren and students, contributes to the development and progression of myopia. To prevent the onset and treatment of myopia in children and young people, a combination of physical exercises aimed at general development is shown with special exercises that improve blood circulation in the eyes and cause strengthening of the ciliary muscle.
In order to correctly assess the possibility of engaging in certain types of physical education and sports, it is necessary to focus on the existing criteria for dividing students and schoolchildren into groups in accordance with the degree of myopia and the presence or absence of complications and changes in the fundus. According to this method, the main, preparatory and special groups for physical education are distinguished. Students with farsightedness or myopia above 6 diopters, chronic or degenerative eye diseases and changes in the fundus should be engaged in an individual program under the supervision of a doctor in a special group. All students with hyperopia or myopia from 3 to 6 diopters should be sent to the preparatory group. If the refractive errors do not exceed 3 diopters, students can attend physical education classes in the main group.
Students and schoolchildren with a weak degree of myopia or hypermetropia benefit from sports games, during which there is a constant switching of vision alternately to near and far distances. Sports such as volleyball, basketball or table tennis have a positive effect on the accommodative ability of the eyes and train the eye muscles, prevent the progression of pathological changes in the organ of vision.
Students with an average degree of myopia or hyperopia should limit the intensity of physical education, as well as such types of physical activity as jumping (long, high, from a tower, etc.). Their physical education classes must be supplemented with special exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the eye, gymnastics for the eyes, and physiotherapy exercises.
With a high degree of myopia, complications and changes in the fundus, a significant limitation of the types of physical activity is shown. Myopia and sports are not compatible in cases of engaging in such sports disciplines as boxing and wrestling, jumping, tennis and football, skiing, weightlifting, cycling or equestrianism. Dosed cyclic exercises under the supervision of a doctor (running, swimming, walking, shooting, rowing, fencing) will be useful.
Exercise therapy for myopia
To improve vision, patients with mild to moderate myopia should perform the following exercises daily, aimed at strengthening muscles. It is necessary to include the “mark on the glass” exercise in all complexes for training the ciliary muscle.
Example exercises to improve vision:
A) The exercise is done while standing, the hands are placed on the back of the head. First, raise your hands up, bend, then return to the current position. Do 7 times.
B) Circular movements of the head 4 times to the left and 4 to the right.
C) Self-massage of the muscles of the back of the neck and the back of the head for 60 seconds.
D) Circular eye movements. Perform slowly first to the left, then to the right for about 1 minute.
E) Closing your eyes, gently press your fingers on the eyeballs for about 35-45 seconds.
E) Exercise "mark on the glass." It is necessary to perform about 1-2 minutes, training the muscles of the eye, first the left, then the right, and then together.
G) Closing your eyes, stroke the eyelids from the outer corners to the nose, and then back for about 40-45 seconds.
H) Perform rapid blinking for about 25-30 seconds.
I) Sit with your eyes closed for about 60 seconds, perform abdominal breathing.
Save to social networks:Today, playing sports and keeping yourself in good physical shape are becoming a fashionable trend. It becomes obvious that any physical activity is able to involve all the processes of the human body, after training which a person feels a surge of new strength, is energized and is content. good mood. Very often, coming to an appointment with an ophthalmologist, patients with poor eyesight think about the possibility of including sports in their rhythm of life without harming their health.
When is sport good for the eyes?
As a result of recent studies conducted by specialists, it was found that moderate physical activity is in no way associated with visual impairment, but, on the contrary, is recommended as effective remedy stopping the progression of the disease. However, since school days, I remember how students suffering from eye disease were exempted from physical education. But, as it turns out, they had the opportunity to go in for sports, but only with the use of moderate loads on their bodies. This is because a sedentary lifestyle significantly slows down the circulation of blood in the human body. This means that the organs cannot get enough nutrition, which later leads to serious health problems. Going in for sports, a person increases the efficiency of all organs and systems, among which the ciliary muscle of the eye is involved, which is responsible for strengthening blood vessels in it. Leading a sedentary lifestyle, they become lethargic and it is difficult for them to quickly change the focal length.
It is worth noting that not all physical exercises can benefit a person suffering from eye diseases. People with nearsightedness and farsightedness will not be harmed by moderate-intensity sports, such as running or swimming, where the heart rate is not allowed to exceed 140 beats per minute. Intense physical exercises, including jumping and acrobatic exercises using gymnastic equipment, are contraindicated in case of poor eyesight, since the pulse exceeds the normal mark, which can later cause ischemia of the visual organ.
Various kinds of sports games will be useful for patients who have a mild degree of myopia and hypermetropia. It can be volleyball, table tennis, basketball. This kind of activity makes the focus of the eyes switch to distant and close distances, concentration of attention occurs, which has a positive effect on the performance of the eye muscles, being also a prevention of the deterioration of the pathology.
What loads should be avoided
With a high degree of eye disease, as well as complications that have arisen, physical activity should be significantly reduced. You should beware of engaging in excessively harsh and active sports, which include cycling, boxing, jumping, football, weightlifting, skiing, horse riding. It also includes traumatic types of martial arts, leading to an increase in both intracranial and intraocular pressure.
According to experts, one of the best disciplines are swimming, badminton, tennis, which improve blood circulation in the organs of vision and contribute to the work of the analyzers by one hundred percent. also useful and medicinal properties have a neck massage and walks in the fresh air, where you can combine business with pleasure. Aerobics and yoga classes are not excluded, which saturate the eyepieces with oxygen and nutrients, and also improve metabolism.
Many people, despite their busyness and workload, find free time in their schedule to visit the gym or fitness club. Those who suffer from an eye disease should not despair and think that this is completely contraindicated for them. Only high-intensity workouts associated with great tension and sudden movements are prohibited. Activities such as weight lifting, squats, and chest presses are also excluded. In particular, this applies to those who are diagnosed with myopia, astigmatism, cataracts and glaucoma.
Sports and glasses
Sometimes the question arises that glasses, as a means of improving vision, can have a number of disadvantages. They can interfere with movement, accidentally fall out and break, and even fog up during prolonged activity. In such a situation, you can resort to the help of contact lenses, which will make it possible to feel more comfortable and confident. But, in order to start playing sports, the choice of comfortable lenses alone is not enough, you should always consult with a specialist in order to know in advance all sorts of risks.
What sport do you do?
Poor eyesight and sports
Since childhood, we were taught on a subconscious level that only a person with good eyesight can actively go in for sports. Even in physical education classes, bespectacled people were always exempted from classes. There are no grounds for such a conclusion. Moreover, the passive lifestyle that doctors offered to people with poor eyesight worsened their vision even more. The fact is that with low physical exertion, a person slows down the normal blood circulation.
Consequently, the eyes do not receive adequate nutrition, which is carried throughout the body by the bloodstream. Vision from this further declines. And it is not necessary to wear glasses, which represent a lot of inconvenience. It is enough just to order lenses that will not be visible to strangers. And the problem will resolve itself.
Is it possible to play sports with poor eyesight?
The answer to this question is unequivocal - it is necessary to provide your body with a full physical activity. With an increase in the level of blood circulation, the eyes will receive the nutrition they need, and the eye and facial muscles will acquire normal tone. However, you should know the measure in everything. It is not enough just to order lenses and go to play rugby. If you have severe farsightedness or nearsightedness, then give preference to calmer sports. It can be yoga, swimming, Pilates, running, walking, skiing, aerobics, badminton.
Occupations in more aggressive and traumatic sports can lead to excessive eye strain, increased pressure, including intraocular pressure. As a result of such activities, damage to the eyes can be caused. An ophthalmologist is better than anyone else to be able to tell you which lenses are best to order and what kind of sports to do.
How contact lenses can help with sports activities
A tool that improves the vision of athletes should not interfere with his movement, distract him from the main activity. The athlete should feel as comfortable as possible. This is the quality of Oasis contact lenses. You can list the main advantages that contact lenses have compared to corrective glasses:
An athlete in lenses sees perfectly with peripheral vision, which is very important in some sports. Eliminates the danger to the eyes, which can occur in the event of breaking glasses glasses. Objects in front of the athlete are observed in almost the same way as in the presence of normal vision, without distortion and deformation. No need to worry about Oasis lenses accidentally falling out while moving. There is no condensation on the lenses. They do not fog up, unlike glasses.
Contact lenses also perform some useful functions:
Some types of lenses do an excellent job of blocking ultraviolet radiation, the excess of which is harmful to the eyes. Oasis lenses can play the role of light filters, partially absorbing certain colors. As a result, the athlete more clearly sees the color he needs. Daily disposable lenses that do not need to be stored are becoming popular. They are more comfortable than hard counterparts.
Eye ailments are not a reason to give up sports
But according to the results of recent clinical studies, this is completely wrong.
Physical exercise and certain sports are very important for people with myopia. They perform the following functions:
contribute to the development of the body in a positive quality; activate the work of many functions in the body.
The increased performance of the ciliary muscle and the strengthening of the sclera are provoked precisely by the right physical activity.
This is how the beam is projected
Whether or not you are allowed to engage in a certain type of physical activity does not depend on the presence of the disease, but on the stage of its development.
Myopia and training in the pool
Quite often, patients are interested in whether it is possible to swim with the presence of myopia.
Water is a versatile training medium for poor distance vision
Doctors say that at a weak or medium stage of pathology development (up to 6 diopters) without concomitant diseases, this type of physical activity is allowed.
But: training should be moderate with an average form of deviation in the work of the optical system so that the pulse does not exceed 140 beats per minute.
It is better to give preference to moderate-intensity workouts
Important: Strong loads with poor distance vision, especially over 6 diopters, are prohibited, because there is a risk of retinal detachment, which already threatens blindness.
With an average intensity and regularity of swimming lessons, you can even improve the condition of the organs of vision.
Strength exercises for hands with myopia
Patients often ask an ophthalmologist if it is possible to shake hands with myopia.
Power loads should be done with care
Inflating the arms for the development of the muscles of the forearm and trapezius is possible only at a weak and moderate stage of development of an ophthalmic deviation.
This type of physical activity does not belong to heavy loads initially, but in the future, so you need to find the perfect balance.
In order not to harm the eyes and get the effect of exercise, it is worth increasing the load more slowly than the norm for a healthy person.
If you are still concerned about the emerging risk, it will not be superfluous to consult an ophthalmologist. The doctor will already recommend further actions.
The help of a coach is a must
With underdeveloped myopia, such physical activity is not harmful to the eyes. The main thing is not to be too zealous.
Sports and poor distance vision: are these concepts compatible?
Regular exercise means a lot to a modern person.
To keep the body in good physical shape, the mood is always excellent, and internal organs functioned as it should, it is necessary to systematically strengthen the body.
Healthy eating also means a lot.
However, sometimes some types of sports activities are contraindicated due to impaired body functions. That is why ophthalmologists often hear questions about whether it is possible to play sports with myopia.
Moderate cyclic exercises are useful for myopia and do not harm the eyes. Moreover, they even have benefits in accelerating metabolic processes.
Sports that are allowed in violation of eye function up to 8 diopters include:
run; yoga; swimming; skiing; surfing.
Athletics has a positive effect on the body with myopia
High-intensity exercise is contraindicated due to increased heart rate and strain, which negatively affects the eyes.
Myopia and sports can coexist, but if you treat this tandem with full responsibility and caution.
Important: Weightlifting in ophthalmic pathology with a deviation of more than 4 diopters is strictly prohibited.
In children with a decrease in physical activity and an increase in visual, myopia may develop.
That is why you should not forbid the baby to play his favorite sport if he has a genetic predisposition to this eye disease.
Diagnostics plays an important role
Important: If a child has already been diagnosed with myopia, it is worth including him in a special group of physical training, which is available in every school.
Properly calculated load during sports with myopia benefits both the body and the eyes.
You should not completely abandon an active lifestyle, even with a high level of myopia.
Yoga with individually selected classes, like gymnastics, will keep the body in good shape, and will not harm the eyes.
Yoga classes are ideal for those with poor distance vision.
Consultation on what kind of loads are allowed at different stages of the disease can be obtained from an ophthalmologist and a competent trainer in any sports center.
Also, do not forget to do gymnastics for the eyes.
Also check out this video on this topic:
The importance of sports in our lives is growing all the time. Children and adolescents pay particular attention to it. However, not everyone can engage in the desired sport, as many health conditions do not allow this.
Among diseases, myopia (nearsightedness) is very common. Nearsightedness is an eye defect in which a person cannot see distant objects. In myopia, the image is formed in front of the retina. The most common cause is an enlarged eyeball. Due to this, the retina is located behind the focal plane. Very rarely, the refractive system of the eye can focus the rays much more strongly. In any of the cases, a fuzzy image is formulated on the retina.
With myopia, a person sees poorly from afar, but well close up.
Therefore, may wear glasses or contact lenses with negative values.
Many people think that myopia does not interfere with sports, but they are deeply mistaken. As with other complex diseases, with myopia, special attention should be paid to the approach to choosing a sport and permissible loads.
For nearsighted people, it is imperative to correctly identify contraindications. Doctors should monitor the condition of the organ of vision. Sports can have a good effect on the condition of the eyes in myopia and help to stabilize it, but they can also have a bad effect on the eyes and blind. It depends on the degree of myopia, as well as on the structure of the chosen sport and sports loads.
With non-progressive myopia, you must definitely engage in some kind of sport. If it is not possible to go in for sports with glasses and contact lenses, then glasses can be removed during exercise. If you cannot use glasses, and visual acuity is necessary, then in such cases you need to use contact lenses that are worn directly on the eyeball.
When developing myopia, you can not engage in sports with great physical stress (boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, etc.).
If a person has myopia greater than 4 diopters, then doctors should not let him go to sports. Myopia can also progress during exercise, in which case the athlete should stop playing sports or reduce the load.
Sports activities can positively influence the stabilization of vision. Big pluses are given to them by sports games, swimming, skiing, mountain sports.
Therapeutic exercise for myopia
The complex of physiotherapy exercises includes general developmental and special exercises for the eyes. Knowing that nearsighted people often have a violation of posture, distortion of the spine due to inclination of the head and torso during visual work at a short distance. Significant importance should be attached to breathing and corrective exercises. Breathing exercises play an important role in deepening pulmonary ventilation, strengthening the respiratory muscles. In addition, they are a means of cyclic load reduction.
You can do physical therapy at home. To do this, the patient must be guided by methodological instructions.
The course of physiotherapy exercises for myopic people should last at least 5 months. For the best result, the course should be divided into 2 stages: preparatory and main.
Preparatory can lasts 14-17 days.
During this period, the patient must perform the following tasks:
A) get used to physical activity;
B) strengthen the body;
C) activate the respiratory and vascular systems;
D) improve the body;
D) strengthen the muscular-ligamentous apparatus;
E) improve emotional state.
In this period, you should first of all perform corrective and breathing exercises. In gyms, classes can be carried out as morning exercises, but it must be supplemented with corrective, breathing exercises. Approximate duration 20-30 min.
Physiotherapy exercises
To improve vision, patients with mild to moderate myopia should perform the following exercises daily, aimed at strengthening muscles. It is necessary to include the “mark on the glass” exercise in all complexes for training the ciliary muscle.
Example exercises to improve vision:
A) The exercise is done while standing, the hands are placed on the back of the head. First, raise your hands up, bend, then return to the current position. Do 7 times.
B) Circular movements of the head 4 times to the left and 4 to the right.
C) Self-massage of the muscles of the back of the neck and the back of the head for 60 seconds.
D) Circular eye movements. Perform slowly first to the left, then to the right for about 1 minute.
E) Closing your eyes, forcefully press your fingers on the eyeballs for about 35-45 seconds.
E) Exercise "mark on the glass." It is necessary to perform about 1-2 minutes, training the muscles of the eye, first the left, then the right, and then together.
G) Closing your eyes, stroke the eyelids from the outer corners to the nose, and then back for about 40-45 seconds.
H) Perform rapid blinking for about 25-30 seconds.
I) Sit with your eyes closed for about 60 seconds, perform abdominal breathing.
622, Shagislamova R. M.
Hello again, dear readers and readers! Before people, suffering from myopia and hypermetropia, many sports and physiotherapy exercises were prohibited, since it was believed that these ophthalmic diseases were incompatible with physical activity. And how are things today?
Most ophthalmologists agree that sports are an effective means of preventing the development and progression of pathology. Myopia and sports are not mutually exclusive concepts, because in the process of physical activity the ciliary muscle is trained, which is responsible for accommodation mechanisms and ensures the strengthening of the eye vessels.
Let's see what sports are indicated and contraindicated for patients with myopia.
Myopia is a fairly serious visual impairment, so sports with such an ailment should be carried out with the utmost care. At the same time, sparing loads allow not only to improve the body, but also to strengthen the ciliary muscle, as well as the sclera of the organs of vision, which is very important in such an ophthalmic pathology.
There are certain nuances in which certain types of physical and physical activity are not recommended for patients with myopia, since they can cause both positive changes in the body and negative ones that can lead to serious consequences for vision. If or, and the disease progresses, it is necessary to abandon the following sports:
- boxing;
- struggle;
- Weightlifting;
- shooting;
- run.
In addition, people diagnosed with moderate or high myopia cannot participate in equestrian sports, rowing, shooting, hockey, and football.
With high myopia is categorically contraindicated gymnastics. This is about:
- jumping and dismounting;
- support jumps over projectiles;
- somersaults and headstand;
- jumping from a flybridge, etc.
This kind of physical activity in myopia can cause a serious blow to the visual system, up to complete loss of vision.
Remember! Cyclic exercises of high intensity, during which the heart rate exceeds 180 beats per minute, can provoke ischemic processes in the eyes, and this is fraught with negative consequences. In this regard, with myopia, high-intensity exercises are strictly contraindicated.
Sports activities that can be practiced with different degrees of myopia
- Stand up straight and rotate your head clockwise and counterclockwise for 5 minutes. After that, massage the temple area with your index and middle fingers.
- Move your eyes in different directions: up and down, left and right. The head must remain still. Repeat 8 times.
- Close your eyes and gently start pushing in the eyeballs. The duration of the exercise is 30-35 seconds.
- Draw a small black dot on the glass. Close your right eye and focus on this point with your left. After 2 minutes, do the same manipulation, but with a different organ of vision.
- Close your eyes and start stroking your eyelids with your fingers, moving from the middle to the edges. The exercise should be performed within 2 minutes.
- Take 60 seconds and start blinking rapidly with both eyes.
Video about what exercises to treat myopia
The video tells about what happens to the mechanism of vision in a nearsighted person. Moreover, if the disease progresses, then the size of the eyeball is increased. I believe that with the help of physical education and physical activity, you can get rid of pathology. Just be careful and use the technique prescribed specifically by your doctor.
conclusions
Due to the lack of physical activity, blood circulation worsens, which provokes stagnation of blood in the body, which has a direct effect on visual functions. That is why, with myopia, physical activity cannot be completely excluded. Before you start playing sports, be sure to consult an eye doctor and follow his instructions so as not to harm the organs of vision.
Also leave your comments about what exercises you performed to cure the pathology. For us, every information is valuable!
I wish you good health and clear vision! Sincerely, Olga Morozova!